Spatial interpolation and haze advection.
Scenario-based spatial analysis over the application baseline: inverse-distance interpolation, wind advection, an uncertainty surface, and leave-one-out validation figures. This is a research workspace, not an official DOE APIMS feed.
65 in this scenario
Model validation
Leave-one-out cross-validation runs across the monitoring network. Each station is withheld in turn so the interpolated estimate at that point can be checked against the reading the sensor actually returned.
- RMSE
- 6.42 API units
- MAE
- 4.88 API units
- R²
- 0.894 Correlation
IDW power p = 2.0 (distance squared)C(x, y, t+Δt) = C(x − uΔt, y − vΔt, t)Evaluated across 71 reference stations.
Evaluated using strict chronological splits on Klang Valley records (June–August 2024) without temporal leakage.
| Model | MAE (µg/m³) | RMSE | R² | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistence Baseline | 12.194 | 17.425 | 0.203 | Benchmark |
| Linear Regression | 9.803 | 13.323 | 0.534 | Baseline |
| Random Forest | 7.602 | 10.787 | 0.695 | Evaluated |
| XGBoost (Application) | 7.462 | 10.558 | 0.707 | Deployed & best |
24-hour diurnal scenario
An illustrative scenario, not observed history and not a forecast.Baseline API —
Reports submitted through HazeMY appear here once the application receives them. They are logged apart from network readings and never feed the interpolation.