System Architecture & Scientific Methodology
Full technical disclosure of HazeMY’s machine learning methodology, evaluation benchmarks, and operational boundaries.
The Problem
Haze exposure varies by time and place. Official monitoring provides authoritative station-based conditions, while route-level planning requires a separate, explicitly modelled decision-support layer.
The HazeMY Solution
HazeMY bridges atmospheric science and geospatial routing. By integrating chronological machine learning (T+3h PM2.5 forecasting), multi-factor risk scoring, and a 70/30 commute penalty engine, it provides actionable travel decision support.
Evaluated using strict chronological splits on 11,025 valid T+3h records from five Klang Valley locations (June–August 2024). Models are strictly evaluated without temporal leakage.
| Model Architecture | MAE (µg/m³) | RMSE (µg/m³) | R² Score | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistence Baseline | 12.194 | 17.425 | 0.203 | Benchmark |
| Linear Regression | 9.803 | 13.323 | 0.534 | Baseline |
| Random Forest | 7.602 | 10.787 | 0.695 | Evaluated |
| XGBoost (Application Model) | 7.462 | 10.558 | 0.707 | Deployed & best |
*XGBoost recorded the strongest test-set performance among the evaluated models and is the deployed model. Figures are read from models/model_metadata.json.
- Training Data Scope: June–August 2024 covering 5 Klang Valley locations (11,025 valid T+3h rows). The model is not nationwide.
- Data Nature: PM2.5 target is based on CAMS/Open-Meteo numerical atmospheric estimates, not roadside BAM physical sensors.
- Spatial Approximation: Route-level environmental matching uses spatial nearest-hub approximation (~1.2 km segments), not microclimate roadside sensing.
- Decision Support Only: HazeMY provides application-level decision-support scoring. It does not calculate inhaled dose or physiological burden.
- Temporal Scenarios: Departure What-If analysis evaluates diurnal features against the latest environmental baseline; it is not a guaranteed future forecast.
- Official Status: HazeMY notifications do not replace official Malaysian APIMS (DOE) air quality warnings or MOH public advisories.